What Is ADHD?

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Introduction

ADHD is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. As parents, we instinctively know when our child is developing differently from their peers. If this is you, read on…

We’ll discuss ADHD symptoms, brain chemistry, contributing factors, and how to reframe these “symptoms” as positives—so you can decide on your next steps.

Unfortunately, the words ‘deficit’ and ‘disorder’ carry negative connotations. Many people also mistakenly believe individuals with ADHD are always hyperactive.

It’s important to stay positive and acknowledge the many strengths that come with ADHD while navigating the challenges.

ADHD 101

Overview & Key Facts

ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is a neurodevelopmental condition, meaning there is brain dysregulation affecting a child’s development. ADHD does not affect intelligence.

Despite its prevalence, ADHD remains controversial. Some question its existence or claim it’s caused by lack of willpower or poor parenting—none of which are true.

ADHD is characterised by persistent and developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity, which can persist into adulthood.

It is the most common psychiatric condition in young people, affecting between 6–9% of school-aged children in Australia and New Zealand.

Incidence rates have increased due to both heightened awareness and a genuine rise in cases.

ADHD not only affects a child’s ability to learn but often creates stress within families and impacts relationships.

Types of ADHD

How ADHD Can Present

  • Inattentive
  • Hyperactive
  • Combined (inattentive + hyperactive)

The inattentive presentation is often referred to as “ADD”. However, since 1994, the official term for all three types is ADHD.

Symptoms of ADHD

Each child is unique, and with hundreds of possible combinations of symptoms, ADHD can present in many different ways.

Symptoms of Inattentive Type

  • Fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
  • Has difficulty sustaining attention
  • Does not appear to listen
  • Struggles to follow through on instructions
  • Has difficulty with organisation
  • Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring a lot of thinking
  • Loses things
  • Is easily distracted
  • Is forgetful in daily activities

Symptoms of Hyperactive Type

  • Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in chair
  • Has difficulty remaining seated
  • Runs about or climbs excessively (in children)
  • Extreme restlessness (in adults)
  • Difficulty engaging in activities quietly
  • Acts as if driven by a motor
  • Talks excessively
  • Blurts out answers before questions have been completed
  • Difficulty waiting or taking turns
  • Interrupts or intrudes upon others

Symptoms of Combined Type

  • Has symptoms from both the inattentive and hyperactive presentations

ADHD and the Brain

The Brain’s Role in ADHD

ADHD is a complex combination of brain chemistry and genetics affecting the dopamine transporter gene and its receptors, causing the brain to react differently to stimulation.

  • The brain communicates via neurons.
  • Messages are sent across gaps called synapses.
  • Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) fill the synapse.
  • Dopamine and norepinephrine regulate executive function.
  • In ADHD, these don’t function properly.
  • Neurotransmitters are created from nutrients: amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
  • Deficiencies can lead to cognitive issues.
  • Advances in neuroscience and epigenetics show nutrition impacts gene expression.

fMRI scans show reduced blood flow in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with ADHD. This area controls:

  • Planning
  • Organising
  • Paying attention
  • Memory
  • Judgement
  • Short and long-term decision-making

Strengths of ADHD

    From Symptoms to Superpowers...

    • Thrives in chaos
    • Creative
    • Non-linear thinker
    • Notices things others miss
    • Adventurous
    • High energy
    • Hyperfocus on passions
    • Quick decision-maker
    • Excellent debater
    • Strong verbal skills
    • Sensitive
    • Independent thinker

    These traits often describe entrepreneurs, innovators, and leaders.

    With support and skills development, children can thrive with ADHD.

    Changing Perspective

    In hunter-gatherer societies, ADHD traits were likely valuable.

    Our modern school system, developed only in the last century, prioritises sitting still and passive learning—challenging for the ADHD brain, which struggles with routine and boredom.

    In the future, problem-solving and innovation may outweigh rote learning, making ADHD traits valuable once again.

    Contributing Factors

    Some factors may not directly cause ADHD but can contribute to symptoms:

    What Might Be Affecting ADHD Symptoms

    • Heredity
    • Genetics (neurotransmitter receptor genes)
    • Gender (girls often underdiagnosed)
    • Cognitive difficulties (learning disorders, Tourette’s)
    • Coexisting conditions (anxiety, depression)
    • Gut-brain axis dysfunction
    • Environmental toxins (lead, mercury, aluminium)
    • Food intolerances and allergies
    • Nutrient imbalances (low magnesium, B vitamins; high copper)
    • Biochemical neurotransmitter imbalances
    • Poor diet and blood sugar dysregulation
    • Maternal health during pregnancy
    • Hormonal or thyroid imbalance
    • Infections
    • Early-life trauma or psychosocial stress
    • Traumatic brain injury

    Recommended Reading

    Books & Resources

    Nutrient Links

    Nutrition & ADHD Research

    Environmental Links

    Environment & ADHD Research

    Gut-Brain Links

    Gut Health & ADHD Research

    Genetics Links

    Genetics & ADHD Research